Open Data
Data sharing is increasingly important in research and now often mandated by funding agencies. There are both general and discpline-specific data repositories, most of which are open access. re3data is a comprehensive, global, searchable database of data repositories.
About Open Science (also known as Open Scholarship)
Open Science (or Open Scholarship) is the movement to align research and publication processes with the ideal of advancing collective knowledge and accelerating innovation to benefit all humankind. Open Scholarship makes research outputs and scholarly practices more accessible and inclusive; it emphasizes practices of research, publication, dissemination, and preservation that foster a culture based upon collaboration and sharing.
Recommended reading on Open Science: